Hephaestus, the Master Craftsman free essay sample

Hephaestus, the Greek divine force of fire, is generally worshipped for his lord craftsmanship. In masterpieces he is generally portrayed as a moderately aged smith working in his fashion, regularly making a thunderclap for Zeus. Conceived of Hera alone, he was given down a role as a child from Olympus by his mom for his deficient grotesqueness and fell for an entire day before he hit the ground. Nine years after he was tossed from the sky, he came back to Olympus and got one of the twelve Olympian Gods. With Zeus’s favor, he had the option to wed Aphrodite, the goddess of affection, who unfortunately stayed away forever the adoration he provided for her. Hephaestus was adored by the humans for his thoughtfulness and he had a significant job in Athens close by Athena. Almost every weapon, bit of protection, or working of any significance was created by Hephaestus. Hephaestus, dismissed by his mom for his grotesqueness, helped incalculable humans and divine beings, wedded Aphrodite, and rose to Olympus to turn into the ace specialist regarded by all. We will compose a custom article test on Hephaestus, the Master Craftsman or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hephaestus is the divine force of fire yet just in its positive and valuable perspective. This additionally incorporates everything that is practiced by fire. In this way, any fire that pulverizes or harms isn't ascribed to him (Berens 73). He, being a smith, is the defender of smiths, the two goldsmiths and metalworkers and gem dealers. Likewise as an ace developer he is the divine force of manufacturers, artisans, and craftsmen (Graves 15). He is likewise viewed as the divine force of volcanoes in light of the fact that this is the place it was accepted his produces were found. Inside his fashions, he utilizes Cyclopes as his aides since they have a characteristic ability for manufacturing (Bolton 178). In addition to the fact that hephaestus is a smith, he is additionally a draftsman, skilled worker, and a craftsman (Bulfinch 13). Truth be told, he is known as the ace skilled worker (Hansen 185). He makes almost everything that the divine beings need from their weapons and defensive layer, to their homes, royal residences and chariots (Hamilton 36). Hephaestus is an appalling god. He is frequently represented with twisted facial highlights and contorted legs however with enormous chest area quality. Typically he is indicated employing a sledge and taking a shot at a weapon or object or the like (Berens 76). In different portrayals of craftsmanship, things frequently connected with work, for example, a hatchet, a donkey, and a pilos, also called a workman’s cap, are utilized to speak to him (Hansen 186). Hesphaestus is additionally spoken to by the quail. This bird’s unusual move in the springtime is viewed as like how Hephaestus limps when he strolls (Graves 15). A few stories exist on how Hephaestus was conceived. While all accounts concur that he was destined to Hera, the goddess of marriage, they contrast on when he was conceived and whether he had a dad by any stretch of the imagination. Some state that he was destined to Hera, alone, on the grounds that she needed to bring forth a kid without anyone else after Zeus exclusively brought forth Athena (Martin 88). In any case, this is repudiated by the story that it was Hephaestus that helped Zeus bring forth Athena by parting Zeus’s head open to permit Athena to jump out. Along these lines, Hera couldn't have been desirous of Athena’s single parent birth since Athena hadn’t been conceived at this point (Berens 21). This prompts the talk where Hera had Hephaestus some time before being hitched to Zeus (Martin 88). Be that as it may, the most effortless clarification is that Zeus was to be sure his dad, and he was conceived before Athena (Bulfinch 15). After Hephaestus was conceived, Hera understood that he was revolting and injured, and to free herself of such a shame, she lost him Olympus (Graves 86). He plunged into the ocean, and promptly he was spared by the ocean goddess Thetis. Thetis took him to an underground cavern where she and an oceanide Eurynome alternated thinking about and raising the youthful god (Hansen 183). For a long time he stayed covered up in his mystery, underground home. Before the finish of the nine years he was at that point a specialist expert. He made expound things of gems, a lot to the pleasure of his guardians (Martin 89). He additionally made helpful items like fastens, pins, and cups (Hansen 184). While Hephaestus was living with Thetis in the submerged sinkhole, she disclosed to him accounts of his introduction to the world mother, Hera. Subsequent to hearing these accounts, Hephaestus urgently needed retribution on his mom for losing him Olympus. He started to work constant in his manufacture, leaving just for ambrosia and nectar. Some time later he rose with a sparkling dark and gold seat, his first perfect work of art. Shown over the whole seat were various scenes portraying the narratives of the divine beings. He mentioned that Thetis take the seat to Hera up on Mount Olympus as a blessing. At the point when the seat was put before Hera, she respected it for quite a while. After she plunked down, she understood that she was unable to move. Imperceptible groups of power held her set up. She shouted hysterically, attempting to get away yet with no achievement. Different Olympians immediately went to her guide yet none of them could discharge her either. They before long arrived at the decision that a divine being had made the seat, however they didn't have the foggiest idea who could have made it (Martin 89). Thetis, who happened to in any case be there, disclosed to the divine beings who made the seat. Ares quickly elected to bring Hephaestus, and set off without a moment's delay for the submerged cavern. At the point when Ares showed up, nonetheless, Hephaestus fended him off utilizing blazing brands. Ares came back to Olympus with next to nothing and Hera started to expect that she would spend time everlasting stuck in a seat. Fortunately for Hera, Dionysus concluded he would check out it. He accumulated an exorbitant measure of wine and headed out to the cavern. He made no sign that he was attempting to take Hephaestus to Olympus. Rather he gave Hephaestus the liquor and before long had him so flushed that Hephaestus couldn’t even walk. Dionysus at that point called upon his satyrs and jackass to accompany Hephaestus back to Olympus in a terrific motorcade of woodwind playing and cymbal-crushing satyrs. When they showed up at Olympus, Dionysus pronounced, in the interest of the tipsy Hephaestus, that Hera could go just if Hephaestus was permitted to remain on Mount Olympus. Each god supported the understanding so Hephaestus opened the seat, liberating Hera. From that point on, Hephaestus the smith was one of the twelve Olympians (Martin 90). Numerous individuals wonder how Olympus’s ugliest god turned into the spouse to the most lovely goddess. There are a few distinct clarifications on how this occurred. One story says that when Hephaestus previously observed Aphrodite, he quickly began to look all starry eyed at her and went directly to Zeus and Hera for consent to wed her. Since the two of them concurred, they became a couple (Bolton 178). Another story expresses that Zeus offered Aphrodite to Hephaestus in a debt of gratitude is in order for him producing his lightning jolts (Bulfinch 4). An alternate story clarifies that Zeus wedded them to keep Aphrodite in the clear. He thought she required a persevering and trained spouse, so he picked Hephaestus (Graves 16). Finally, one hypothesis says that Zeus set it up as vengeance for when Aphrodite rejected him as a sweetheart (Bolton 178). Regardless of how they got hitched, one thing is constantly settled upon. Hephaestus adored Aphrodite, however Aphrodite stayed away forever that adoration (Hansen 184). Aphrodite never adored Hephaestus since she thought it was dishonorable to have an injured and ghastly spouse (Graves 17). So as opposed to being a reliable and dedicated spouse, Aphrodite had numerous illicit relationships with divine beings just as humans. The most unmistakable issue was with Hephaestus’s sibling, Ares, the lord of war. At the point when Hephaestus got some answers concerning her undertaking with Ares, he turned out to be particularly furious (Hansen 184). Helios came to Hephaestus and let him know of the issue among Aphrodite and Ares. Hephaestus’s quick response was of fury and retribution (Hansen 184). He went to his smithy and created a couple of imperceptible and indestructible chains. He took the chains and laid them over top of his bed, verifying whether it was hidden. Hephaestus revealed to Aphrodite that he would depart on an extended get-away to Lemnos and claimed to leave. When Aphrodite thought he was gone, she gathered Ares to come. They set down in Hephaestus’s own bed and quickly got caught (Hansen 185). Hephaestus at that point came back to his home and brought the entirety of the divine beings to accompany him. There, he let them see the mortified and caught sweethearts in bed (Bolton 180). Hephaestus disclosed to the divine beings how Aphrodite detested him for being disabled and adored Ares for being appealing. All the male divine beings remarked on the scene and saw it without nauseate. A few of the goddesses, be that as it may, didn't have a ball as much as the male divine beings did (Hansen 185). Everybody snickered however, and ridiculed Ares and Aphrodite, yet some derided Hephaestus too (Bolton 180). At last, with some arguing from Poseidon, Hephaestus let the humiliated darlings go (Hansen 185). Hephaestus may have had a few issues with his better half, yet he was well known among the humans. He showed them smithing and the specialty of metalworking (Berens 74). Beside that, he was known for being useful. Orion once came to Hephaestus’s produce on Lemnos in the wake of being blinded. Hephaestus showed compassion for him and sent a manual for take him to Apollo. On account of his supportiveness, all the humans regarded him, and a significant number of them revered him (Berens 73). He has sanctuaries on the volcanic Island of Lemnos and Mt. Maschylus (Graves 88). He additionally has a sanctuary on Mount Etna and in Athens. To enter the sanctuary on Mt. Etna, the humans must pass fearsome dogs, who fill in as watchmen. These dogs can smell if individuals are lovely or malevolence. With these extraordinary watchmen, just the spotless and noble spirits can enter (Berens 76). His sanctuary in Athens remains close by the sanctuary of Athena. In Athens he serves close by Athena as the benefactor of painstaking work, explicitly the watchman of the smiths (Hamilton 37). Hephaestus, being the ace specialty

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 21

Advertising - Essay Example In this paper, we will characterize this item class as plainly as could be expected under the circumstances and we will at that point analyze it completely. As referenced in the presentation segment, the item classification picked is clothing. Attire is apparel by and large. This could run from shirts to dresses to cardigans to skirts to denim wear. A few people may even incorporate under pieces of clothing in this class however for our motivation, we will just think about external articles of clothing or clothing. We will later consider organizations who make these, different items and item classifications that contend with these moreover. External pieces of clothing or dress may go from easygoing, modest shirts to complex, expensive and possibly marked suits. Organizations who sell (and additionally make) easygoing dress incorporate Abercrombie and Fitch, Gap, Guess, Old Navy and so forth. Organizations or architects who sell costly marked apparel are Armani, Prada, Chanel, and so on. There are a few others that sell the two kinds of apparel or just one of them that are not referenced previously. The point that I am attempting to make is that garments as an item class isn't solitary. It has a wide range of branches, as referenced previously. We will principally consider easygoing attire retail items. Another method of further arranging the garments classification is as far as sexual orientation and furthermore age. For instance, a few organizations give attire to ladies just, for example, Ann Taylor. Others give dress to just men or most retailers sell the two people clothing. Another sub-classification of the attire item class is apparel as far as age, for instance, Toddlers, Children, Teenagers. There are retailers that give one of them or every one of them. A few retailers may work in giving just clothing to new conceived children, little children and pregnant ladies (maternity attire, for example, Mother Care. There are various retailers in the attire retail industry in the US. As indicated by a report by Nielsen Net Ratings,

Do Seniors Use Payday Loans - OppLoans

Do Seniors Use Payday Loans - OppLoans Do Seniors Use Payday Loans?Inside Subprime: Jan 28, 2019By Lindsay FrankelIt’s common for senior citizens on a fixed and limited income to struggle financially. Retired seniors receive income either from an employer pension check or Supplemental Security Income. When an emergency arises, it can be difficult for elderly citizens to secure additional income to cover the expense. In fact, the unemployment rate for older adults is on the rise. And since one-third of senior households runs out of money or goes into debt each month, an unexpected cost can force seniors to borrow money. But for seniors with a fixed income who already struggle to make ends meet, debt from borrowing can pile up quickly. For this reason, seniors are more vulnerable to high-cost payday loans than other groups.Only 4 percent of seniors between ages 60 and 64 have used a payday loan, and the percentage of adults using payday loans gets smaller with age, according to Pew Charitable Trusts. That’s compared to 9 percent of adults ages 25-29. But in recent years, some states have seen growth in the number of seniors using payday loans. In California, more seniors used payday loans in 2016 than any other age group, even as payday loan usage began to shrink in the state overall. And in Florida, the number of adults over 65 using payday loans nearly doubled over the course of a decade, even though the population of senior residents only rose 10 percent.With APRs of almost 400 percent on average, payday loans are a risky choice for any borrower. But consumer advocates contend that payday lenders intentionally target vulnerable populations, including low-income seniors. Many seniors don’t know where to turn for financial help, making them easy prey for payday lenders.While adults age 65 and older were found to be the group most likely to hold a bank account, that likelihood increased with income, according to the FDIC. Seniors earning less than $25,000 a year were less likely to have a checki ng or savings account than the general population. And even seniors who hold bank accounts may lack options when it comes to borrowing.Alternatives for SeniorsLow-income elderly citizens should check their eligibility for state assistance programs, which can help defray the cost of living. In addition, many local nonprofit organizations are dedicated to helping seniors overcome financial hardship. Don Miller, the seniors program manager for HopeLink in Nevada, says payday loans are a common problem among the older adults seeking help from the organization. Of the 80-100 seniors he sees each week, at least half have turned to payday loans for emergency cash. “They don’t realize they might be paying on that for the next year or two,” Miller said. Payday loans trap vulnerable seniors in debt that can be impossible to overcome. For more information on  payday loans, scams, and  cash advances  and  check out our city and state financial guides  including  Illinois, Florida, Texas a nd more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

What Types of Sea Animals Eat Sea Turtles

Sea turtles have shells to protect them, right? You might be wondering what would eat a sea turtle, as a  sea turtles shell only goes so far to protect them. Unlike land turtles, sea turtles cant withdraw into their shell for protection. So this leaves their head and flippers especially vulnerable to predators. Discover the types of sea animals that prey on sea turtles and how they can protect themselves from predators. Types of Animals That Prey Upon Them Animals that prey upon adult sea turtles includes sharks (especially tiger sharks), killer whales  and large fish. Sea turtles are especially vulnerable as eggs and hatchlings, and sea turtles often lay their eggs on beaches. Even though their nests may be a couple feet deep in the sand, predators such as coyotes and dogs are savvy and may dig them up. If the sea turtle eggs do make it to hatching, the tiny hatchlings need to make a mad dash to the ocean, during which they can be attacked by other predators, such as gulls. Unfortunately, more than ninety percent of these hatchlings are known to be destroyed by their predators. In addition to the animals previously mentioned, seabirds, raccoons and ghost crabs are other animals that are known as natural predators against sea turtles. According to Seaworld.org,  flatback turtle nests are also susceptible to unique predators such as lizards, dingoes and foxes. How Sea Turtles Protect Themselves Luckily, a sea turtles shell is their best friend. Their hard shell helps protect them from predators when danger is near. Additionally, sea turtles are typically very skilled swimmers who are quick in their natural habitat, the ocean, which helps them get rid of dangerous situations as they come. The only type of sea turtle that has a soft shell, rather than a hard shell, is the leatherback sea turtle. Because leatherback sea turtles are bigger in size, their risk of danger is considerably low in comparison to other types of sea turtles. Learn more about the trials and tribulations of sea turtle life and how you can help these sea animals. The Biggest Threat Against Them According to Sciencing.com, the largest threat to sea turtles is human carelessness, from trash on shorelines to injuries with watercrafts.  Sea turtles often swallow trash floating in their environment that results in death by strangulation. Collisions have caused thousands of sea turtles to get caught in fishing nets annually, resulting in their ultimate death by drowning. The fact that sea turtles are unable to protect themselves from human situations as illustrated is but the few reasons why sea turtles are considered an endangered species. How We Can Help Thanks to Defenders.org, there are several ways we can help save sea turtles. For example: We can turn out the lights that are visible from the beach. This is because sea turtles use light and reflections to find their way to the water at night, so turning them off will save them from confusion.We can reduce the amount of garbage we produce and clean up any trash found along the beach. This will help prevent sea turtles from getting tangled in plastic and trash on the shoreline and in the ocean.

Andrea Jung Case - 3327 Words

1. Describe Andrea Jung’s leadership style. How did her upbringing influence that style? What assumptions about human nature does she hold? Andrea Jung is the quintessential transformational leader. Jung showcases her transformational leadership style through her charisma, delegation of authority, consideration of subordinates, and her ability to constantly modify the organizational structure of Avon. Jung’s charisma is seen in the strong passion she has for Avon. This passion was clearly manifested when Jung turned down a CEO position at another company to remain the number two person at Avon. The genuine love that Jung has for Avon and its impact on society serves as a motivational leadership tool. The†¦show more content†¦Through her day to day demonstration of self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, Andrea Jung proves that she is a manager characterized by a high degree of emotional intelligence. Jung understands that her behaviors affect her workforce’s feelings and beliefs. The productivity of her employees is a direct result of her optimistic demeanor. A prime example of her self-awareness is evident when Jung states, â€Å"(i)f people can’t tell that I love this company, then it’s hard for me to be a lasting leader.† This quote serves a symbol of Jung’s ability to understand that her attitude, alone, is a key motivational force for Avon. Emotionally intelligent leaders are able to remain calm in both the good and bad times. From her time as a Bloomingdale’s management trainee, to her current role as Avon’s CEO, Jung has always been able to control her emotions. The self-regulation that Jung has shown through her ups and downs has encouraged her associates to handle their difficult situations in the same calm and open minded demeanor. Motivation is synonymous with Andrea Jung. She possesses a passion for Avon and its vision of elevating women in the community. Jung has a track record of constantly looking to improve processes at Avon. Her delegation of authority to Susan Kropt and her proposed correctional action plan are clear illustrations of this fervor. Through her search for feedback fromShow MoreRelatedAndrea Jungs Case833 Words   |  4 PagesA CRISIS CAUSES ANDREA JUNG TO CHANGE HER LEADERSHIP STYLE. Being a Leader means | Being a Manager means | Motivating, influencing, and changing behavior | * Practicing stewardship, directing and being held accountable for resources | Inspiring, setting the tone and articulating a vision | * Executing plans, implementing and delivering the goods and services | Managing people | Managing resources | Being charismatic | Being conscientious | * Being visionary | Planning, organizingRead MoreTaking Sides Case Analysis One Ââ€" Avon Products, Inc.: Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesAvons position on whether the grand strategy, under the leadership of Andrea Jung has its merits and if the grand strategy is properly focused and directed. In addition, discuss and argue the position if the grand strategy of Jung is not optimal and needs to be refocused (Syllabus, 2005, p. 16). Evidence will be provided supporting each argument and finally the decision rational will discuss why the weaker factors of the case study were dismissed. Strategic management can, through long-term objectiveRead MoreAvon Case Study1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe company is fairing under the leadership of its current CEO, Andrea Jung. There are two opposing views regarding the companys current and future success. One group feels that the firm has a promising future with Jung at the helm while the other group does not. This paper will analyze the pros and cons uncovered by each team member and discuss which view prevailed in the debate and why. Pros and Cons Pros of Jung and Avon Andrea Jung became president and CEO of Avon in 1999 and has totally revampedRead MoreCase Study 13.2 More Than Cosmetic Changes at Avon1176 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol accounted for the senior managers not being aware of what was happening on the ground. The tall hierarchal structure refers to the number of layers of management in the relaying of information before that information reaches the head, in this case Jung. Avon previously had a structure of fifteen layers. According to McShane et al, â€Å"senior managers in tall structures often receive lower quality and less timely information from the external environment because information from frontline employeesRead MoreInfluence Of A Successful Administration1344 Words   |  6 Pagesfive ways pioneers shape authoritative variables including individuals and assets. The five influence processes include direct decisions, reward system, allocation of resources, selection and promotion of other leaders and role modeling. In most cases, Chief Executive Officer is considered as the most astounding positioning officer in an organization while the president is second in the hierarchy. However, in corporate administration and structure, numerous permutations can occur, so the parts ofRead MoreEssay about Making over Avon715 Words   |  3 Pagesare illustrated in the Avon case. First, Avon’s CEO Andrea Jung implemented a strategy to capture a new customer base and by contouring a product line for women age 16-24. This strategy has a big difference with originally core customers which was 35 and older. Catch the young market is the key to success. This young generations spend a lot of money on beauty products. Second, the image of a company is very important, they make the customers believe the brand. Jung had to improve the company’sRead MoreAndrea Jung : Empowering Avon Women2805 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: ANDREA JUNG: EMPOWERING AVON WOMEN 1 ANDREA JUNG: EMPOWERING AVON WOMEN 11 Andrea Jung: Empowering Avon Women Name: Lecturer: Course Name: Date: Andrea Jung: Empowering Avon Women Question 1 It has always been assumed that anyone in management, particularly the CEO, is a leader. However, there has been controversy over this assumption. While management involves the promotion of stability and enabling the smooth running of an organization, leadership isRead MoreDr. Jung, Ceo Of The Avon, And Howard Schultz1005 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Jung, CEO of Avon, and Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks are both very effective leaders. Although both are very effective leaders, their ways to leader inside each company are very different. Jung is a leader that focus more on the tasks being done than creating a relationship with her subordinates while Schultz is a leader that focus more on his relationship with his employees than being concerned with them doing the tasks that they were told to do. In other words, Jung is basically a task-orientedRead MoreAvon - Case Analysis2333 Words   |  10 PagesAvon As of November 1999, Avon was experiencing economic troubles. Avons growth rate of annual sales was less than 1.5 percent during the greatest economic boom in history. This prompted a transfer in leadership which appointed Andrea Jung as CEO. Since that time, Avon has experienced remarkable growth. Under the direction of the new CEO, a new strategy was developed to reinvent Avons image, improve customer satisfaction, and to increase profit margins and market share. Avon has gained an outstandingRead MoreEssay on Avon Case Analysis2272 Words   |  10 PagesAvon As of November 1999, Avon was experiencing economic troubles. Avon’s growth rate of annual sales was less than 1.5 percent during the greatest economic boom in history. This prompted a transfer in leadership which appointed Andrea Jung as CEO. Since that time, Avon has experienced remarkable growth. Under the direction of the new CEO, a new strategy was developed to reinvent Avon’s image, improve customer satisfaction, and to increase profit margins and market share. Avon has gained an

The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Presidency - 1589 Words

Throughout the time of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, Lincoln made a vast number of speeches and wrote many letters. These letters and speeches focused on a variety of topics and issues that were prominent before, during, and after the time of the Civil War. During this time, slavery was one of, if not the top main issue in the United States. Lincoln was very outspoken on his views of slavery, what he wanted to happen, and what he did not want to happen with the institution. One of the main points that Lincoln makes throughout his series of speeches and letters is that slavery is in fact a moral issue. He describes slavery as a social, moral and political wrong, and places a large emphasis on the morality of slavery. Lincoln describes his beliefs and opinions with great detail of why he sees slavery as a moral issue. Prior to his election, on October 15, 1858, Abraham Lincoln gave a speech during his last debate. During this debate, Lincoln focused on the issue of discerning th e right and wrong of slavery. This topic had become a large key aspect to Lincoln’s president campaign. One point that Lincoln made about slavery was that he had an issue with the fact that slavery took away opportunities from the negro to ever be anything other than someone else’s property. Lincoln thought of it as â€Å"†¦having a tendency to dehumanize the negro-to take away from him the right of ever striving to be a man† (William E. Gienapp, ed., This Fiery Trial: The Speeches and Writings of AbrahamShow MoreRelatedLegacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Legacy Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesLegacy Leader: Abraham Lincoln A legacy leader is someone who has left a positive and lasting impression in society due to his or her leadership qualities and/or traits. Abraham Lincoln is a prime example of a legacy leader due to the leadership traits he displayed throughout his presidency. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He exhibited great leadership qualities such as integrity, duty, and selfless service. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and hisRead MoreThe Views On Lincoln s Presidency1738 Words   |  7 PagesHistorian’s Views on Lincoln’s Presidency After reading several historians’ texts regarding Lincoln’s opinions and policies toward slavery, and the unification of a nation as a whole, I distinguished that several authors have contending visions of Lincoln’s actions during his presidency. Some authors (Dirck, Guelzo, Striner) portray Lincoln as the great emancipator in depicting him as a crusader whose main purpose during the Civil War was only to accomplish the abolishment of slavery.Read MoreAccomplishments Of Abraham Lincoln s Accomplishments1051 Words   |  5 PagesACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN On February 12, 1809 our sixteenth president of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, He was the son of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, farmers. Thomas Lincoln had come to Kentucky from Virginia with his father Abraham in 1782. He learned only enough literacy to sign his name but gained modest prosperity as a carpenter and farmer on the Kentucky frontier. Thomas Lincoln married Nancy Hanks, whom also illiterate, in 1806. Abraham was born in a logRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : His Fight For Freedom And Equality Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln: His Fight for Freedom and Equality Throughout history, slavery has been a controversial topic in the United States. There have been many revolts and rebellions, such as Gabriel’s Rebellion or Nat Turner’s Rebellion, fought over the abolition of slavery or for African Americans to be able to receive the same rights as those of white people. Many people have fought for this cause and one of those people is Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which is oneRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1860 Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe presidential election of 1860 were Abraham Lincoln, Republican, John Breckinridge, Southern Democrat, John Bell, Constitutional Union, and Stephen Douglas, Northern Democratic. Abraham Lincoln was against the increase of slavery into the new territories. Lincoln did not receive one vote from the south, but he did win over 50% of the Electoral College votes so Lincoln won the presidency to become the 16th President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was known as one of America’s greatest heroesRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln933 Words   |  4 PagesSynopsis Regarded as one of the United States of America greatest heroes, Abraham Lincoln is famous for his unique appeal and incredible impact on the nation. He was the United States 16th president. His story is an astounding one rising from a humble background to become the most powerful man the land. However, at the time when his country needed him most, a tragic and sudden death strikes him. He is assassinated. 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There was one guest that went to both Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural address and his last speech on reconstruction, that guest was watching Lincoln’s actions very closely and had, in fact been following him for a long time. Booth assassinated Lincoln at Ford’s Theater on John Wilkes Booth wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address1685 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address History remembers Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders. He has made many significant contributions to the history of the United States and is considered one of the greatest presidents. He sacrificed himself for what he believed in, even if it meant starting a war against his own country. He believed in equality for everyone and that all men were created equal. As president he is best remembered for leading the Union through the Civil WarRead MoreThe Death Of Andrew Jackson971 Words   |  4 Pagespeople either loved or hated? What is your assessment of his presidency and why? Was he a savior of the people as the Democrats believed or a tyrant as the Whigs believed? Andrew Jackson, nicknamed The People s President, was loved by common place people and hated by political enemies who nicknamed him King Andrew I. However, it can be assumed that the tide often turned due to his policies and executive actions. During his presidency he faced numerous issues affecting the nation at the time

Dolphin Hunting free essay sample

The Japanese public has developed a mischievous reputation with the rest of the world over the past 100 years. They are notorious for going against the grain of modern society and tend to be rather impulsive during international disputes. There are many neighboring countries of Japan that oppose the actions of these â€Å"whalers†. The tension that the Japanese have created within the fishing trade by slaughtering dolphins is leading them into a downward spiral. This seems to be the current path that the United States are headed down as well in regards to the illegal hunting, slaughtering, and production of dolphins for their meat and fins. The Japanese people who are involved in this trade believe that hunting dolphins is a significant aspect of their culture. They see their brutal actions as an ancient tradition that must be carried on, even at the cost of diminishing the already struggling dolphin populations. Obviously, the Japanese have resentment issues contingent to outsiders attempting facilitation of their actions. This is completely understandable; however, the Japanese must realize the magnitude of the compulsory repercussions that correlate with committing genocide of an almost endangered mammal species. Essentially 100 percent of Japan’s dolphin slaughter is carried out in tiny coves off the coast in a town called Taiji, in Japan’s Higashimuro District. According to Justin McCurry of The Guardian, â€Å"the fisherman of Taiji successfully lure up to 100 bottlenose dolphins into these coves daily, harpoon, shoot, and stab them to death†. It is a problem that has ultimately become an immense burden on the Japanese public as a whole. Without taking proper affirmative action to address this problem in the near future, there will arise serious repercussions not only for the dwindling dolphin populations and the Japanese public, but also the rest of the world’s population. The distribution of illegally acquired dolphin meat throughout the Japanese population will only add to the terrible effects of the initial wrongdoing of the Japanese fishermen. Whaling originated in Japanese waters as early as the 12th century. However, the commercial hunting of dolphins superseded with little warning by the beginning of the 20th century. The switch was most likely due to the elevating demand for the fins of certain species of dolphins, as well as the meat they provide to the people of Japan. The Japanese fishermen of modern day are a product of many generations, realizing that there was a larger possibility for profit involved in selling the fins of dolphins’ to locations such as museums along with distributing the meat to markets throughout the population of Taiji. This small town has become the processing center for all illegal acts related to the slaughter of dolphins. It has always been a community that relied heavily on fishing but in recent years, there have been countless underground operations taken on. Where there is conflict there is also usually some kind of judicial system in place. Hence, the United States was quick to establish the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in August 1946 to address the expanding ethical conflicts that large numbers of Americans had with the actions of the Japanese whalers. According to Mark Palmer of Earth Island Journal, â€Å"In September, for the first time, fishermen in Taiji released 70 bottlenose dolphins after catching and retaining around 10 to 15 for aquariums† (21-22). This was ultimately a huge step for the American-run IWC and Richard O’Barry, the organization’s front man. The IWC and O’Barry have been directly involved in the conflict with Japanese whaling industries since the commercial ban on whaling and dolphin hunting was passed in 1986. This seems to be the major reason why the IWC is handling the Taiji dolphin situation so stubbornly. Following the ban, the Japanese stated that they would comply with the new laws and regulations passed, however, continued to covertly manage new operations without the public’s knowledge. In 2005, just before the apex of the Taiji dolphin situation, O’Barry interviewed multiple Japanese fishermen, reporting one of his findings: The fishers who hunt and kill dolphins agree with us [IWC]. When they asked us why we had come to Taiji, we told them we wanted to document the methods used to conduct the dolphin massacres and let the Japanese people know the truth about their hunt. The fisher’s reply was, â€Å"The Japanese people have no right to know about the dolphin slaughter. It is none of their business. Not all of the fishermen involved in the Taiji slaughter are pro-dolphin hunting. This poses a few questions such as why these fishermen are involved in the trade when they don’t personally believe in the act, what’s keeping them around, and who it is that facilitates the actions of fishermen in The Cove. The Japanese reasoning for the continuation of dolphin slaughter in Taiji seems unreasonable at best. The Japanese government and the men in The Cove that commit the murders don’t share a consistent explanation for why hunting dolphins is beneficial for the Japanese community. The fact that the Japanese public is completely oblivious to the actions performed by their government in The Cove is abhorrent and distasteful. The Japanese government is continuously adding to the already massive burden over the heads of every Japanese citizen by deceiving, committing murder, and failing to cooperate with any outsider humanitarian organization so as to meet a compromise on the situation. This mass genocide can’t be deemed a tradition if the Japanese people don’t even know of its existence. Palmer also states in a 2010 article similar findings to O’Barry: Although the slaughter of dolphins continues, Earth Island International (EII) efforts have led to fewer dolphins being killed this year. More importantly, news stories are being published in Japan, for the first time, about the dolphin slaughter and about the dangers posed by the Mercury contamination of dolphin meat (23). The first breakthrough for EII and the IWC came in the form of this confession by the Japanese government. This would lead to further speculation about all the happenings within The Cove. The Japanese public immediately started showing signs of distress and discomfort about the news. Mercury poses a serious threat to the human body when ingested. It is the most toxic non-radioactive element on Earth. When high-levels of mercury become present in the body, it can cause hearing and vision loss, psychosis, and even death. The most terrifying aspect of mercury poisoning, however, is that once it is present within the body, it will always be there because it never degrades (Nevada Division of Environmental Protection). In The Cove, a documentary on the dolphin slaughter in Taiji, Joe Chisholm argues that the first serious threat of mercury poisoning actually occurred in Japan back in 1956, in a town called Minamata. It was a stressful time for all mammals living around the coast because factories in Minamata began dumping exorbitant amounts of mercury waste product into the waters outside of town. This became the illicit beginning for the dolphin slaughter. The efforts of the IWC in the past have been essentially futile because of the Japanese unwillingness to cooperate with any outsider organizations. IWC headquarters has been located in the United Kingdom since its establishment in 1946. This distance between the UK and Japan may be a contributing factor to why the Japanese continue to disobey IWC regulations and laws. Ultimately, they may feel unthreatened by an opposition with a locale so far from their operations. There seems to be an outrageous sense of Nationalistic pride within the fishing community; the fishing trade in Japan is an industry that is massively subsidized by Japanese taxpayers. When these types of subsidies are put in place, there’s room for corruption, which has certainly taken place in the past. David Phillips, director of the International Marine Mammal Project (IMMP), in the Earth Island Journal states: IMMP recently joined the Elsa Nature Conservancy (ENC) of Japan and One Voice, a leading French animal protection organization, to warn that dolphin meat sold to the Japanese people is highly contaminated with mercury, methyl mercury, cadmium, DDT, and PCBs. Despite evidence of dangerous contamination, the Japanese government provides no warning to its people that eating dolphin meat often mislabeled in Japanese markets as whale meat is a serious health hazard (14-15). There is no way for the Japanese to hide these factors in their secret operations. Eventually the truth will be heard and the citizens of Japan will cause uproar of the situation. The Japanese government has been knowingly poisoning the public with mercury since the commercial ban on whaling in 1986. They have shown no signs of remorse or sympathy for their actions in the past 25 years. The act of disguising this dolphin meat in Japanese markets as â€Å"whale meat† is dubious and shows how corrupt this government really is. It seems as though not even the Japanese government knows the actual reason why these kinds of operations are carried out. Children throughout the school systems of Japan were being poisoned with mercury by school lunchmeat on a daily basis until 2005 when two schoolteachers realized what was going on behind the scenes and acted to remove the â€Å"whale meat† school menus. This meat was essentially being given out to public schools free of charge as a form of propaganda by the Japanese government. More of the Japanese people are being made aware of this situation every day. However, the profit made on each hunt is only about 50% of how many animals they pull in. The tumultuous behavior of the Japanese government only produces further questions on the situation. The Japanese fishermen and their supporters have exercised unorthodox methods of hiding their operations since the IWC banned commercial whaling in 1986. In the past 25 years there have been many unimaginably horrific events that have taken place around Japanese waters. This was exactly the case with Jane Tipson, a British dolphin activist. According to Michael Horsnell of CDNN (UK) in 2003, while involved in a midnight operation to free some of the bottlenose dolphins being held captive overnight in one of the Taiji coves, a Japanese fisherman shot Tipson in the neck, killing her instantly. This was reportedly the 22nd killing associated with the Taiji coves. Instead of attempting to refine the laws in Japan in regards to dolphin hunting, the Japanese government is shielding their actions, which is only creating more, exponentially severe problems. Even though the culprits in this situation are the Japanese government along with the fishermen in the coves, it is only fair to assess the situation from the perspective of the dolphins as well. Dolphins have evolved to be some of the most social and self-aware creatures on the planet. The fact that the Japanese hunt these creatures is cruel and outrageous. They are one of the only mammal species in the world that can comprehend language to the extent that humans do. Richard Connor, professor of Biology at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth states, â€Å"Males mediate alliance relationships with gentle contact behaviors such as petting, but synchrony also plays an important role in facilitative interactions† (587-602). Denise Herzing, Professor of Biological and Psychological Sciences at Florida Atlantic University, claims that dolphins also crave social interaction with mammals of other species, not only between social clicks. Herzing states, â€Å"To engage humans in interaction, the dolphins often initiate spontaneous displays, mimicry, imitation, and ynchrony† (1452). These instances relate to how dolphins not only have their own distinctly unique language, but how interactions between other mammal species are an important aspect to consider when discussing the social competence of dolphins. These creatures have proven to be excessively intelligent and possess the ability to interact with humans on many levels. Committing mass murder of dolphins in the secretive Taiji coves seems outrageously similar to The Final Solution exhibited by Hitler during the beginning of World War II. The Japanese have no intentions of stopping until all of the dolphins in Japan are gone. With time, these types of hidden and illegal operations always meet their downfall. According to Tadamichi Morisaka, a dolphin psychologist at Kyoto University in Japan, â€Å"No comparative cognitive studies of dolphins were conducted in Japan until the mid-1990s, but several pioneering works on dolphin comparative brain studies in Japan had already implied the higher cognitive ability of dolphins by the 1940s† (168-176). Data has shown that dolphins have possessed a higher cognitive ability since the 1940s. With this type of information being known for 70+ years, one would assume that further, more extensive research would be conducted on such an amazing creature. However, the Japanese continue their daily slaughter of these intelligent creatures solely for financial profit without concern for the potential scientific benefits. The Japanese government and fishing committees have been attempting to explain their actions since the beginning of this crisis. Their argument is that the traditions of their culture outweigh what PETA or any other American-based animal rights organization believes. They simply will not stop their thousand-year-old traditions for what a few Americans believe is morally wrong. There is obviously a larger, more significant point of debate that lies beneath these ethical quarrels between governments. Americans breed their domesticated animals such as chickens, cows, and pigs for purposes of consumption. The Japanese use this argument as a justification for their wrong doings and state that Americans have been committing these same actions for virtually the same length of time. With this in mind, there are also serious considerations made in regards to the number of animals slaughtered for purposes of human consumption. The Japanese have no such system devoted to regulating the number of dolphins remaining off the coast of Taiji or the number of dolphins being killed. The outstanding problem in Taiji is that these dolphins are simply being picked off one-by-one without the Japanese following any regulations set in place by the IWC. The active problem that the Japanese seem to have with the United States is that Americans domesticate all types of animals for purposes of consumption as well as financial gain. The Japanese see this mindset as hypocritical. Chickens, for example, are constantly being mistreated and slaughtered on farms throughout the Southwest in order to feed the families that raise them. The problem with the Japanese using this as a counter argument is that it is completely irrelevant due to the animals’ cognitive intelligence. Beatrix Eklund, professor of Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology at Linkoping University in Sweden states, â€Å"Chickens are known to adjust synchronization and inter-individual distances depending on behavior† (251-252). Influence on behavior is essentially the only way that chickens know how to react to the domestication process. The chickens that are domesticated in the United States are simple-minded animals with very limited cognitive abilities and are also copious in numbers, nowhere near endangerment like the dolphins in Taiji. This does not necessarily make it ethically right to slaughter these chickens for human consumption; however, it’s much more acceptable than how the Japanese carry out their dolphin operations simply based on the sheer number of animals available. There are many aspects of the dolphin situation that the Japanese believe are major problems when in reality, these problems are either miniscule or completely fabricated. Either way, these are all excuses formulated by the Japanese to buy themselves more time to make a profit and defend themselves against the inevitable downfall of these operations. In The Cove, animal activist Roger Payne states, â€Å"The Japanese fishermen are being told by their government that the dolphins are eating too much of the ocean’s fish population, therefore they must provide pest control in regards to the situation. An outrageous claim indeed, however, some would argue that these fishermen are being brainwashed by their own government solely for profit, with no regards for dwindling dolphin numbers. The formulation of this claim by the Japanese is not so surprising. They are a culture that is heavily reliant on the fish market and any attribution that threatens the oceans’ fish population will get them heated. Ultimately, they are hurting themselves by over fishing dolphin. The reason this dolphin meat in markets throughout Taiji were not easily detectable is because the process that is utilized to identify these chemicals within the products requires a proper science lab setup along with tremendous amounts of work and testing. The Japanese government simply denied that there was dolphin meat present in the markets knowing that there would be no affirmative action taken against them. There have been many conflicts between Japan and the United States within the past century. The Taiji dolphin situation has ultimately proven to be the most heated in recent years. Japan has become the pinnacle of dolphin slaughter and trade. Nothing that the Japanese government has done in the past 25 years regarding distribution of dolphin meat has been a sincere act of progressiveness. Countless operations have been conducted behind closed doors in the past that were relentless and destructive in nature. It was only until a select few Americans unveiled the truth on this situation that the Japanese public was finally debriefed about their corrupt government. Japanese news teams are now aware of what has been occurring within their towns and are reporting their findings every day. An acceptable ethical reason for slaughtering dolphins is virtually non-existent. The Japanese government continued to deceive its citizens solely for profit. Not only were these actions disguised for 25 years, but they also resulted in an epidemic of mercury and lead poisoning within almost every Japanese family in the Higashimuro district. There is no obvious reason what would cause the Japanese to decide on slaughtering one of the most self-aware, and intelligent mammals on planet Earth. Ultimately, their priority was making a profit on these horrific and deceitful acts they were committing. The only way the Taiji dolphin slaughter can possibly be steered back in the right direction is if the Japanese government bans the sale of all dolphin meat in markets and publicly admits their mistakes. This would not dismiss the government’s past decisions immediately; however, it is an honorable start to a grueling process that must be completed in order for Japan to start fresh. All social change will come from the passion of individuals.

Bertolt Brecht The Caucasian Chalk Circle essays

Bertolt Brecht The Caucasian Chalk Circle essays BERTOLT BRECHT THE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) a non-conformist German playwright, was the most important single influence in the development of epic theatre. His political beliefs and experiences were his motivation to try to change the world through drama. Through the theatre he created he made people realise the wrong doings of the society in which they lived. Brecht was a pacifist and, therefore, wrote a number of plays with strong political messages to intellectually stimulate and politically motivate his audiences. Brechts plays were originally rejected by the society in which he lived because they were unconventional and against the ideological beliefs that his society embraced. In his work, Brecht explored themes related to war, ownership, sacrifice, the notion of justice and the theme of the inequalities produced by superior people in power over the inferior lower class. He challenged societys opinion of the oppressed. Brecht tried to teach his audiences not to accept the world as they found it. He also tried to teach his actors the same thing. ... above all s/he [actor of Brechtian theatre] must be aware of the theme with which the play is concerned. Brechts The Caucasian Chalk Circle is set in the time of a civil war. It contains two parallel stories. One centers around AZDAK, a drunken peasant, who is put into the powerful role of judge. The other deals with a peasant named Grusha who saves an abandoned child and claims it as her own. The two stories unite to conclude the play. AZDAK must decide whether the child should be under the custody of his natural mother a wealthy, upper-class woman who abandoned him, or Grusha, who saved him from certain death. The attached extract from The Caucasian Chalk Circle clearly demonstrates and exemplifies the Brechtian style, showing evidence of al...

1968 Life Essays - Vietnam War, Counterculture Of The 1960s

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Artificial Intelligence And Fuzzy Logic Controller In A Plc System Computer Science Essay In this research paper, I am trying to analyse more about advanced Programmable logic controllers.Today it is hard to imagine a industry without PLC and other automatic controllers. As the production becomes more and more efficient, the controller work faster and the system become more complex. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques reduce the complexity and they are used through PLC-based process control system. The working of artificial intelligence consist of -diagnostic, knowledge, expert and the structure of an AI system. Function such as AI fault diagnostics in process help in controlling and successfully predicting the outcomes based on resident knowledge. Here i will be researching more about the applications of PLCs such as use of PLC s with fuzzy logic. Basic fuzzy logic and also its fundamental concepts will be analysed. 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All the information used by the AI is gathered from the person working in the plant/machine and log book also provide information about fault. The information about the fault-what kind of fault that was and how that was solved. Once all the information we gather from the process, all information is sto red in the memory of the PLC or elsewhere will be used by the PLC to solve the complex problems of the process. . II. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN A PLC A. Three type of AI system The classification of AI system is very difficult because they are used in the many applications but however we can classify in three types: 1.diagnostic 2.knowledge 3.expert.All three type of AI system have similar characteristics. The system become more and more sophisticated as the size of the data base increases and the extent how the process data is used. Diagnostic AI system. This type of system is the fault detecting systems. They detect the fault in the application and they do not solve the problem. For example if the temperature of a tank is decreased the diagnostic system can diagnose the fault by reading the thermocouple values. These system use the knowledge to reach on a fault conclusion, these type of system are used in the applications that use a small data base and knowledge. Knowledge AI system An knowledge AI system is the enhanced diagnostic system. These type of systems are able to detect the fault and process behaviours based on the knowledge and they are also able to take the decisions concerning the process and/or the possible cause of a fault. Expert AI system This type of system comes on the first position in AI applications. Expert systems are more capabilities than the knowledge system. The expert system provides a further capability for examining process data with the help of statistical analysis and the system predict outcomes of the process that are based on present process assessments. The outcome calculation may be a decision and with the help of that decision process maintain the output in spite of a fault detection. The knowledge used in the expert AI systems are more complex than in the other AI systems; these type of system generate more feedback information. The expert systems also require more refined software programming to make decision, since their decision trees involve more options and attributes. The implementation of the expert systems is only done by with the help of extra programming and they also need more hardware. The system use the transducers to make the decision in the process and the total number of transducer used in this system is more than the other system. Programmable logic controller use the AI system, it will need two or more than two processer to make the all programming for the system. PLC system require more speed to operate in real time, the system should be fast. The system has large data to operate in the real time due to large data system also need large memory to store that data . B. Artificial Intelligence System Architecture The block diagram (Figure 1 ) shows the basic architecture of an AI system. It has three primary elements: 1 Global database, 2 Knowledge database, 3 Inference engine. The block diagram show that expert block first, that block provide the knowledge to the AI system and the knowledge is received from a person who know about the plant/process, how the machine perform their operation. The expert sends the all information (about system maintenance, faults) to the knowledge engineer. The process of transmitting the knowledge and gathering data is known as knowledge acquisition. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg3.jpg Figure.1 Artificial Intelligence system Architecture Global Database Global database contain the information about the process and the system, how to control them. The information contained by the global database is about the input and output data flow from the process. The global database is the storage area, the information about the process stored. The data stored in global database can be used any time to make the AI decision to control the process. PLC have memories to store the data and the Global database resides in the memory of the system that makes the system to take the AI decisions. We can also use the AI system with computer and the Global database will be in the hard disk of the computer. Knowledge Database The knowledge database store the information as the global database store about the process and the all information is supplied from the expert. It also contains information about the faults, process, causes of the problems and their solutions as well. Moreover, all the rules that help to make the decision are also stored in the knowledge database. The diagnostic system has knowledge database and that is less complex than the knowledge system. The knowledge system is less complicated than the expert system. It stored in the system memory. Inference Engine All the AI system has inference engine. All the decisions are made in the inference engine. Inference engine use the knowledge database to make the decision about the process and after that inference engine execute the rules in the process. It also uses the historical data of the process to make the real time decision. PLC system contain the central processing unit, CPU perform all the operation for the system and the inference engine may be inside the CPU or it may not be inside data that depends upon the diagnostic, knowledge, expert. C. Knowledge representation In the knowledge representation all the AI strategies are organised and the knowledge engineer represent the input of the expert. The knowledge database is used for the storage of the representation. The knowledge from the expert is changed in the form of rules (IF and THEN/ELSE) and we call it rule-based knowledge representation. It make the system capable to take action and decision. A PLC system is used with AI, all the control strategies are executed by software programs. Whenever a fault is detected by the system and at that time system makes a decision, inference engine also use the knowledge representation. The decision will be in the form of software. D. Rule-based knowledge representation It uses the knowledge from the expert and make the decision with the help of that knowledge. The rules contain two parts, first part antecedent (IF something happens) and the second part consequent (THEN take this action). All the rules are made for the process and they can be complex. A simple rule-based System may make a simple diagnostic rule, such as: IF the temperature of a tank is less than the set point, THEN turn on the heater. A more complex diagnostic formula may contain rules that further depend on a more complex diagnostic formula and they involve the rules that are depend on Parent rules: IF case 1, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 2, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE something â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 3  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  THEN nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · The decision tree makes the system capable to take the decisions. The figure 2 shows how the decision tree works to get a decision on the given process data. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg4.jpg â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Figure 2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Decision Tree E. Knowledge inference This is the method used to draw conclusion by gathering the data. When the system execute the main control strategy at that time the inference of knowledge takes place in the inference engine. The knowledge inference is also takes place in knowledge database when computation of rule is going on. In the small control system the knowledge inference takes place on local basis. But in case of large systems knowledge inference takes place in the hierarchical system. To design a AI based PLC we need hardware, the need of hardware depends on the involvement of the AI. In all AI systems some common methods of rules are used for the implementation of knowledge inference. Methods are: 1. Forward Chaining, 2.Backward Chaining. Forward chaining-This method is used to find out the outcomes of a given data and receives the information from the global database. Forward Chaining is done by two methods: depth first, breadth first search. Backward chaining-This is also similar to the forward chaining. Basically it is used to find the antecedents. F. Basic Architecture of an AI based PLC Large and complex distributed control systems are made by the combination of small systems. They can communicate with each other either directly or with the help of local area network. The AI is added in the large systems, global database, knowledge database and knowledge inference from these is distributed all over the system. These large systems are made by the combination of small system and all the local system has their own local data base and knowledge database. The PLCs in the diagram shows they perform inference engine computations. In the large systems the supervisory PLC use the all subsystem and their local database to make a complex decision. The main computer we call it blackboard hold the all information from the small units. The main computer applies all the complex AI solution. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg5.jpg Figure 3 Architecture of an AI based PLC III. FUZZY LOGIC IN A PLC In industrial automation Programmable Logic Controller combine the simplicity, and reliability. Fuzzy logic is a part of AI which deals with reasoning used to imitate human decision making and thinking in machines. The reasoning is transformed in algorithms. These algorithms are used when the data cannot be converted in the binary form. The output of the process is the input for the fuzzy controller. Fuzzy logic performs three main actions. First is fuzzification, in this action the data received at the input is converted in the fuzzy form. Second is fuzzy processing, which involves the transformation of the input data according to IF†¦THEN rules formed by the user at the time of design and programming of the fuzzy control systems. After finishing the fuzzy processing (rule-processing stage) the fuzzy controller reach an outcome. Third is defuzzification process, this is final step of the fuzzy controller. In this step the final output data is converted into the real output data and after that the data is sent to the process with the help of output interface. The fuzzy logic controller is placed in the PLC rack in this case the controller does not have a direct contact with the process, the fuzzy logic controller will send the defuzzification data in the PLC memory location and PLC send that data to the process by the interface module. In the most of the fuzzy logic controller have their independent interface ports and they are also connected to the PLC with the help of the plug. The fuzzy controller can communicate with the process through the PLCs input/out ports. PLC can be interfaced with the intelligent fuzzy controllers. Interface of Fuzzy logic with PLC A Fuzzy logic controllers input interface can read the data from the 8 devices and it can transmit the data to 4 output devices with the help of the output interface. This interface is able to perform 128 rules, each rule can have maximum IF conditions and the action will be in the form of two THEN. The fuzzy logic controller has capability to perform all its computations in only in 6 msec if fuzzy logic unit works separately of the processer, as a result it providing fast functioning of fuzzy logic control. Fuzzy Logic and I/O Communication In below given Table 1, the Fuzzy Logic Unit (FLU) uses the programmable controllers memory to store the control parameters and fuzzy logic controller uses 10 words or registers. The position of the FLU module in the rack tells about the registers addresses. Assuming that the position of the FLU module takes the addresses 110 through 119, the use of the addresses by the FLC module as follows: The first four bits (0-3) the first word is (word 110) and its first four bits(0-3) enclose, in BCD, the FLU module uses as the number of inputs. 15 number bit turns on the fuzzy processing of this word. The second word (word 111) specifies that the location of the input data stored in the PLCs memory. It tells the starting register address. TABLE I inputs: bits 0-3 of word 110 specify the number of inputs to be read (8 max) (e.g., I = 8) Word 111: starting address where input data is located (length of I) (e.g., address = 120) Outputs: bits 0-3 of word 112 specify the number of outputs to be written (4 max) (e.g., O = 4) Word 113: starting address where output data is located (length of O) (e.g., address = 130) Word 114: used for flags and settings Words 115-119: available as working word addresses 3) As the first word, the third word is (word112) and the first four bits enclose the outputs in BCD. 4) The fourth word (word 113) store the address where the output data is stored, the output data is obtained by the fuzzy logic computations. Because fuzzy logic controller work with the other I/O interfaces, their input/output data must be send to the I/O modules working with them. Figure 4 shows how the memory addresses (words) used by the Fuzzy Logic Controller and it also shows the location of the input and output data according to the input/output devices. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg2.jpg Figure 4 The working of the Fuzzy Logic Unit works with I/O interfaces We can also use the block transfer instruction to transfer the data between FLU and input/output interfaces (Figure 5). C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg1.gif Figure 5.Block Transfer of instructions IV CONCLUSION When we apply artificial techniques to a system, we need to add hardware as well as software to in the system. The program that system needed is depending upon the fault in the system, the fault detection is complex then the program will be more complex. We design a system that also has intelligence; this is possible by adding the data from the process. The data should be about the process regarding the last time fault and what type of fault that was, how that was solved and when was the last maintenance performed. The addition of artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic controller in a PLC make the system faster and the system will be able to take decision about the process. The system will be better than the conventional PLCs. . . V REFRENCES [1] Bikash Pal, Balarko Chaudhuri, Robust control in power systems, Spinger, 2005 . [2] Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Users Guide, The MathWorks, Inc.,2008. [3] PLC-5 Programmable Controlers, Rockwell Automation, USA, 2007. [4] C. P. Chuang, X. Lan, J. C. Chen, A systematic procedure for designing state combination circuits in PLCs, Journal of Industrial Technology, 1999;15(3):2-5. [5] S. Manesis, K. Akantziotis, Automated synthesis of ladder automation circuits based on state-diagrams, Advances in Engineering Software, 2005;36:225-233. [6] A. Rullan, Programmable logic controllers versus Personal computers for process control, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;33:421-424. [7] J. Jang, P. H. Koo, S. Y. Nof, Application of design and control tools in a multirobot cell, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;32:89-100. [8] P. Klingstam, P. Gullander, Overview of simulation Tools for computer-aided production engineering, Computers in Industry, 1999;38:173-186. [9] L. A. Bryan, E. A. Bryan, Programmable Controllers, Theory and Implementation, An industrial text company publication, U.S.A. 1997, p. 785.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) :: Psychology Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, is a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children with ADHD may develop emotional, social, developmental, academic, and family problems because of the frustrations and problems they are constantly experiencing. Families who have children with ADHD often experience much higher anxiety and stress levels. A large number of children, almost half, will exhibit signs of ADHD by the age of four. However, most children are not diagnosed until he or she reaches elementary school. The behaviors that are associated with ADHD in children put them at risk for a host of other problems and complications such as completing their education, alcohol and other drug abuse, and an increased risk for delinquency. There has been much research on ADHD in recent years and many different types of medications and interventions have proven to be quite helpful. With the proper diagnosis and treatment, children with ADHD can learn to cope with the daily demands of the classroom, social situations, family interactions, and life in general. Therefore, it is imperative that teachers, administrators, and school counselors become familiar with the characteristics of children with ADHD. It is also vital that they know how to properly assess for diagnosing ADHD, and that they learn the intervention strategies for children, along with their families. The child needs to have a ?team? of caring individuals working with them to help them overcome and deal with the ?hurdles? that living with ADHD can bring. This paper will address four key areas of ADHD. They include: The causes of ADHD, the characteristics of ADHD, classroom intervention, and parental intervention. We will also discuss key medications that are being used to treat ADHD. Causes of ADHD When parents are told that their child has ADHD, it is only natural that their first response is to want to know what caused this disorder. Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. For years researchers have been trying to find the underlying cause of ADHD, but have yet to come up with a definitive explanation. Although there are several theories to try to explain the causes of ADHD, most experts agree that it is most likely not any single cause, but instead a combination of factors that causes ADHD.

Mudik in Indonesia

The tradition of mudik or home for the holidays is found in many countries. Why is this tradition so strong in certain societies? Does it still have a place in today’s world? Mudik is an Indonesian term used to describe when someone who lives away from home is coming home for the holidays. This tradition is often seen during great holidays, such as Christmas and Eid-ul-Fitr. In Indonesia, for example, as many as 30 million people go mudik on Eid-ul-Fitr in 2011. Most people do mudik activity because they want to reunite with their families after being away for working or studying for a long time.Some societies think that mudik is a sacred tradition, because they usually only do that once a year on the great holidays. At that time, they feel that they need to see their family members and strengthen the relationship with them by spending time together. Moreover, those holidays are very essential in both culture and religion matters, and therefore, people are willing to go for a long distance trip home to celebrate them. Many people living far away from home in big cities do not only do mudik as a tradition, but also as a reason to run away from urban life and to feel again the atmosphere of the home where their childhood memories be.For instance, the stress I had brought from the urban city suddenly disappeared when I ate my mother’s cooking that I always missed. Nowadays, the number of people go mudik is increasing over time. One of the reasons is the increasing level of income, so more people can afford to buy travel tickets or even drive their own private vehicles as transport means. An aim they have which is to be back again with their families. They will go through any constrains only to feel again their home sweet home atmosphere.

Definition of Salon

Salon, derived from the French word salon (a living room or parlor), means a conversational gathering. Usually, this is a select group of intellectuals, artists, and politicians who meet in the private residence of a socially influential (and often wealthy) person. Pronunciation: sal ·on The Gertrude Stein   Numerous wealthy women have presided over salons in France and England since the 17th century. The American novelist and playwright Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) was known for her salon at 27 rue de Fleurus in Paris, where Picasso, Matisse, and other creative people would meet to discuss art, literature, politics and, no doubt, themselves. (noun) - Alternately, the Salon (always with a capital S) was the official art exhibition sponsored by the Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The Acadà ©mie was begun by Cardinal Mazarin in 1648 under the royal patronage of Louis XIV. The royal Acadà ©mie exhibition took place in the Salon dApollon in the Louvre in 1667 and was meant for only members of the Academy. In 1737 the exhibition was opened to the public and held annually, then biannually (during odd years). In 1748, a jury system was introduced. The jurors were members of the Academy and previous winners of Salon medals. The French Revolution After the French Revolution in 1789, the exhibition was opened to all French artists and became an annual event again. In 1849, medals were introduced. In 1863, the Academy exhibited the rejected artists in the Salon des Refusà ©s, which took place in a separate venue. Similar to our annual Academy Awards for Motion Pictures, the artists who made the cut for that years Salon counted on this affirmation by their peers to advance their careers. There was no other way to become a successful artist in France until the Impressionists courageously organized their own exhibition outside the authority of the Salon system. Salon art, or academic art, refers to the official style that the juries for the official Salon deemed acceptable. During the 19th century, the prevailing taste favored the finished surface inspired by Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), a Neoclassical painter. In 1881, the French government withdrew its sponsorship and Socià ©tà © des Artistes Franà §ais took over the administration of the exhibition. These artists had been elected by artists who had already participated in the previous Salons. Therefore, the Salon continued to represent the established taste in France and resist the avant-garde. In 1889, the Socià ©tà © Nationale des Beaux-Arts broke away from the Artistes Franà §ais and founded their own salon. Here Are Other Breakaway Salons Salon des Aquarellistes (Watercolorists Salon), begun 1878Salon de lUnion des Femmes Peintres et Sculpteurs (Women Painters and Sculptors Union Salon), begun 1881Salon des Indà ©pendants, begun 1884Salon des Graveurs (Printmakers Salon), begun 1900Salon dautomne (Fall Salon), begun 1903Salon de lÉcole Franà §aise (French School Salon), begun 1903Salon dHiver (Winter Salon), founded in 1897, first exhibition 1904Salon des Arts Dà ©coratifs, begun 1905Salon de la Comà ©die Humaine, begun 1906Salon des Humeuristes begun 1908